Character Sketch Of Mark Zuckerberg Film Studies Essay

Character Sketch Of Mark Zuckerberg Film Studies Essay After watching the movie The Social Network, there was one thing quite sure; which was basically that we had just seen the movie of the year. It was a highly well directed movie which shows all the characters of the movie in a vibrant way. It was an inspirational story about how one must give up almost everything to get what one wants. Inspired by this movie which was based on true events which chose to make our character sketch on the protagonist of the movie, which was Mark Zuckerberg. He was born in New York and went to Harvard where he founded Facebook. He started programming at a very early age and clearly considers himself as a hacker. He comes from a Jewish family but considers himself as an atheist. His traits, throughout the movie, are highly complex and do make himself hard to understand. He was blunt, open-minded and would be highly influential to the world. Mark Zuckerberg: The worlds youngest Billionaire: Since Facebook has become a worldwide phenomenon, it has made Zuckerberg and its co-founders billions. Which begs the question, how does one become the worlds youngest billionaire? What does it take to go out there and earn so much, at such a young ago? After analyzing the character and personality of Mark Zuckerberg, we would clearly say that to achieve as much as he has, one need to sacrifice a great deal. Right away from the beginning of the movie, you realize that Mark Zuckerberg is highly interested in accomplishing success in his life. His passion towards becoming what he wants to become is remarkable. But along with that it is also know that he undermines his personal relationships along with his need of success. Zuckerberg shows an amazing part of his character when after breaking up with his girlfriend; he converts the negativity to positive outcome by creating facemash. Ignoring the fact that facemash was morally wrong and also offensive to many women, the situation shows u s that in moments like that when weak individuals might bring out their worst due to the grief or anger, Zuckerberg did what he was best at. Zuckerberg was influenced by The Winklevoss brothers idea about creating a social network for Harvard. Later they do blame him, saying that Zuckerberg stole their idea but Mark claims that he had a better idea than what they had. Basically, here we see that how Zuckerberg converted a small simple idea into a great one of his own. This was his strong ability to innovate. These character traits are a small part of his personality and the major traits are shown later once he had decided to make his idea a reality. After become sure about creating Facebook, he was highly committed to his mission. He believed in what wanted to do and didnt get distracted. During the movie, it is shown that he was always looking for better idea to improve Facebook. An example of this trait was clearly shown in the scene where he comes up with the idea of relationship status feature of Facebook. Extremely motivated and focused at his job. On a whole, Mark shows that once motivated he would be revolutionary. He believed in coming up with a socializing solution for college students. Zuckerberg was intelligent and knew how to play the smart move. Initially, he shares his idea only with Eduardo Saverin, who was his close friend. He did tell him about Facebook first because he was his closest friend, but it was mainly because he needed someone to financially support his project. It was after that he informs his room-mates who were programmers like him. Zuckerberg was never seduced by money. Facebook was being really popular among Harvard and other colleges. But Zuckerberg did not support the idea of advertising in Facebook which was put forward by Eduardo. This shows us that Mark had made Facebook for reasons other than money. He didnt give up this principle of his, when he had the opportunities to earn money off Facebook. In the second half of the movie, after the introduction of Sean Parker, we see another side of Mark. He was highly influenced by the success of Sean Parker. Later this leads to motivate him more towards expanding Facebook. Mark Zuckerberg always looked at Sean Parker as his role model. It was seen in many parts of the movie that he did compare himself to him. It was quite obvious as they both went through almost the same thing. Sean Parker was innovator of Napster which was a major success over the internet. Hence, it was something that Mark found influential about Sean. His idea did chance at the end of the movie though. Now to concentrate on the negative traits on Mark Zuckerberg, the biggest of all was that he under-rated the personal relationships he had. As we mentioned earlier also, he was so passionate about success that his girlfriend leave him because of that. Later during the movie, he allows Eduardo to be removed from Facebook also. It was never really shown clearly but th e truth was that Eduardo was only a financial member and once money was not an issue, Zuckerberg had to let him go. The shocking situation was that he doesnt think from a best friends point of view before making this decision, but from the point of view of the creator of Facebook. Eduardo was not a programmers and he never did help in enhancing Facebook and this was good enough reason for Zuckerberg to remove him from Facebook. Zuckerberg showed us that he was so engrossed in becoming successful that he had no option but to let go off his friend. But to give him some credit, we did see in some parts where he did show regret and still had some mankind left inside him. This trait of his could be blamed on his highly professional attitude. Throughout the movie, you can notice that he keeps things as professional as possible. He was slowly and slowly becoming a workaholic. He was proud of his achievements, once Facebook became highly popular. That made him quite proud as well. He was no t too proud as well which becomes a negative point but that let to him being even more disliked by people. Since the beginning, when he was first question at the outbreak of facemash till the end where he was being sued by Eduardo, he was never afraid of anyone. He was proud of his achievements and knew he was going to be admired by many. Sarcasm was a trait of his, which he fed on. After watching this movie, one cant deny the fact Zuckerberg was good at his sarcasm. We notice this in the scene when he wanted to tell Eduardo, that money wasnt the thing he cared about. We would quote his line; Money or the ability to make it doesnt impress anybody around here. Mark Zuckerberg: Type A or Type B: Hence, when asked what personality type would Zuckerberg fall in; one would undoubtedly say Type A. People who are considered to be in Type A personality type are always impatient. Zuckerberg was always inpatient to convert even a simple idea for Facebook into reality. They are aggressive and controlling. Zuckerberg can easily be called a leader personality. In the movie he leads his friends like troops in the creation and success of Facebook. His aggression was shown when we learn the process by which he interviews his programmers. The game of hacking and taking shots of alcohol was made to see who can work the fastest. In reality, it is a known fact that this method is still used by Zuckerberg whenever he employs his employees. He picks people who know how to understand and respond to command. This shows us his controlling nature. Type A personality people are time-conscious, professional and concerned about their status. The idea of other calling themselves the creators of Faceboo k was unbearable by Zuckerberg. He shows this trait all throughout the trials. The professional attitude of Zuckerberg, like we already discussed was his major trait and always influenced him. Zuckerberg also was competitive and Facebook to him was the ultimate difference. He never got to show his competitive attitude during the movie because his innovation was very strong. But this trait can be noticed in him before he had got the idea of Facebook, especially in the beginning when he was talking to his girlfriend about what he wants to achieve. Mark Zuckerberg was no doubt ambitious. To achieve what he achieved, one needs to be highly ambitious along with being hard-working. This is a common trait of Type A people. Type A people are considered to be stress junkies. They drive themselves with deadlines, and are miserable about delays. To notify another essential feature about Zuckerberg was his Blunt nature. He believed to saying what he felt like to anyone he felt like. Some might say he had complete disregard about others feelings. But he would say whatever he felt like. He many parts of the movie he is disrespectful to people who are older than him or even of better status than him. This trait was mainly seen as very rude nature of Zuckerberg, throughout the movie. Along with that he was brave. During his trials he speaks whatever he wanted and didnt think of the consequences. We would quote the example; I had to swear an oath before we began this deposition, and I dont want to perjure myself, so I have a legal obligation to say no and another one was I think if your clients want to sit on my shoulders and call themselves tall, they have the right to give it a try but theres no requirement that I enjoy sitting here listening to people lie. Both of these quotes were maybe the most memorable moments of the movie. Over-all after comparing him to the characteristics of a person of personality Type A, it is quite clear that he is a great example of this persona lity. Other Characters and their personality types: Focusing on the other characters in the movie, we did see personalities of both Types A and B. Eduardo Saverin was a clear candidate for Type B personality. Even though, he wasnt all that easy going person but he was always relaxed and patient. He never had any urgency of success and was loyal to Mark at all times. He cared about Facebook a lot and at many times he corrected Mark whenever he said I in place of We. This did show us that he was not competitive in nature. Sean Parker could be considered as a mixture of both Type A and B personality types. This was mainly because he wasnt all that workaholic and professional like a typical Type A. He believed in enjoying life. He did care about his status a lot and was passionate about success as well. But he did bring along a very casual attitude and was always relaxed. He plays a major part in the movie in influencing Zuckerberg and influential he was as well. This quote from the movie shows his influential trait; We lived in farms, th en we lived in cities, and now were gonna live on the internet! The brothers Cameron Winklevoss and Tyler Winklevoss were mainly of Type A personality. Except the brother Tyler was a little more patient that the other but eventually both were highly competitive. They could not accept the fact that Zuckerberg had created Facebook which was lot similar to their college network idea but better. Basically on a whole, the movie had a good number of Type A personality characters but of which Mark Zuckerberg was the most outstanding. The movie shows how all these Type A personality characters fight amongst each other and show the major trait of competiveness. They all show how success became the sole achievement in life for them. Conclusion: One major feature about the movie which was worth noticing is the fact that, like the other classic tales of deception, this was not driven by the hunger of money. Facebook was never first up, made to generate money. It was maybe thats why it became an internet site which is now worth $25 billion. Mark Zuckerberg own 24% of the shares of Facebook and is the CEO of Facebook. He earns up to $6.9 billion annually. Facebook currently has up to 500 million active members. Since 2005, Facebook has become the biggest social networking site ever. Zuckerberg was the brains behind this idea, but he did step on some people to become what he is. On a whole, through this sketch about this character and his personality, we understand that one need a really strong mental and emotional moral fiber. Not once do we see a weak side of Zuckerberg throughout the movie. He was arrogant and condescending. He believed in no one but himself and that seemed to be enough for him, to become what he wanted to. W e would say it is hard not to be influenced by a personality like his. And not just on the basis of his success, but the simple idea in which he chose to stand out from the crowd and get himself noticed. It takes great statures that he possessed which lead him towards world-wide fame. The fame that lead to us, university students to learn through his exam and realize what life exactly is and what it will cost us to learn the ultimate dream. The dream which might differ from people to people, but is similar in its own simple way.

Baby Thesis

(Baby Thesis) Factors that can affect a student's academic performance Submitted By: Rose Ann J. Soltes Submitted To: Michael Rey C. Bucol Introduction When students earn a below average grade on a test or a report card, it does not necessarily mean that they did not study hard enough. There are many intelligent children who do not perform well in school, not because they cannot comprehend classroom lessons, but because of external factors that affect their academic success   Waking up early for school has recently been acknowledged as a reason why students are not performing to the best of their ability.Sleepy students are less likely to pay attention to their teachers. Published an article in 2006, which discusses a study regarding the start time. Across the country, schools on average begin around 7:30AM. However, the study, led by a CAD. IT teachers, discovered that students perform better later in the day for biological reasons. The article states that specific high schools th at started later saw an improvement in their students’ academic achievement simply because they were able to wake up later. The extent of student’s learning in academics may bedetermined by the grades a student earns for a period of learning has beendone.It is believed that a grade is a primary indicator of such learning. If alearner earns high grades it is concluded that they may also have learned alot while low grades indicate lesser learning. However, many experiences and studies found out that there are also several factors that would account for the grades. No single factor can be definitely pointed out as predicting grades. It has been an interplay of so many factors – gender, IQ, study habits, age, year  level, parent’s educational attainment, social status, number of siblings, birthorder, etc.In fact, almost all of existing environmental and personal factorsare a variable of academic performance. However, at this point in time, theresearchers wo uld like to investigate the possible relationship of study habitsand the factors affecting it to the academic achievement of under graduate. Theinvestigation of on this area thus becomes a real and compelling motivationfor the researchers to conduct this study. Statement of the Problem This study intended to find out the factors affecting the study habits of  undergraduate CAD. IT students.It also aimed to answer the following questions: 1) What is the profile of the respondents according to: 1. 1 Time management 1. 2 Learning Skills 1. 3 Study Skills 2) What extent of influence did the independent variables have on studentstudy habits? 3) Did the independent variables significantly influence students studyhabits? Recommendation The researchers believes that students, particularly CAD. IT will be benefited from the findings of this study since the study provides basis for awareness and better understanding of how their current study habits affected their academic performance.Likew ise gives them a morefocused and clear perspective on how the specific behaviours related totheir studies influenced study habits. Consequently, this awareness alsogives a much deeper understanding of their selves as students consideringthat the college life is typically beset of developmental adjustment demands. School administrators-like subject area coordinators, may also beguided in the formulation of future modification of educational policies,curriculum and strategies toward a more effective delivery of learning. Teachers- will also be help in understanding better the diversity of  learning of their students.As such, it is hoped that they could develop more effective methodologies in teaching their subject matter. Guidance and Counselling Centre-will also be help by this studythrough providing a more focused and factual knowledge on the factorsaffecting students study habits. This increased the understanding of theGuidance Counsellors on the interplay of the variables studie d in thisresearch. Such knowledge is hoped to help the Guidance and Counselling practitioners towards the development and implementation of more effective programs in consideration of these variables. Research SettingsThe study will be conducted inside the computer aided design and information technology (CAD. IT) Data Gathering The researchers will ask permission from the administration office to allow the student to answer the questionnaire. The answering of the questionnaire will be done in the CAD. IT intitution. Answered questionaires then, will be gather, responses coded andwill be subject to the appropriate statistical computation for reliability. These students name will then be deleted from the list of the total population so asnot to include them again in the selection of the sample population.Instruments Use Self- developed questionnaire composed of 10 items questions will be use to measure Study Habits of CAD. IT Students. Survey Questionnaire on Study Habits Name_______ ________________ Course ;Year______________  Age______Gender_______  Date________________ Direction: Please put check (v) on the space that corresponds to what you  are actually doing, thinking, and feeling regarding the statement. There are noright and wrong answers to this questionnaire. Rest assured that your  answers will be treated in strictest and will be used only for this study. . What is your gender? Male _____ Female ______ 2. What year are you in college? 1styear ____ 2nd year ______ 3rd year _____ 4th year ______ 3. What is your average grade? A _____ A- ______ B______ B- ______ C______ D ______ 4. How far in advance do you start studying for finals? One month ____ Two weeks______ One week _____ Daysbefore_____  The night before_______ 5. What time of day do you do the most studying? Morning (6 a. m. to noon _____ Afternoon (noon to 6 p. m. ) _____  Evening (6 p. m. to 9 p. m. ) _____ Night (9 p. . to 12 a. m. ) _____  Late night (12 a. m. to 6 a. m. ) ____ _ 6. On average, how many hours do you study for finals? 20-24 hours ______ 15-19 hours_______10-14 hours _______ 5-9 hours  ________  1-4 hours _________ 7. What is your favorite way to study? Repeating points out loud _____ Writing index/flash cards, then usingthem_______  Writing outlines _______ Highlighting text ______ Studying in agroup__________   Going to review sessions ______ Other, please describe :  ________________ 8. Where is your favorite place to study?Dorm room _____ Bedroom _______ Dorm common room/lounge  _______  Library ______ Coffee shop _______ Parents’ home ______ Campuspub/bar _____  Student union _______ Other, please describe: _______________ 9. What is your favorite study break? Exercise _______ Watching TV/movie ____Surfing the Internet _______  Napping _________ Socializing ______ Playing video games ________  Praying/meditating ______ Other, please describe: _______________ 10. Do you feel increased stress or anxiety leading up to exam time? Yes ____ No _____   CONCLUSION

Aanna Lukasik

aAnna Lukasik Acc 422-8909 Q 8-31 1. Not required during this stage – 2. Substantive testing 2. Should focus on enhancing the auditor’s understanding of the auditors understanding of the client’s business and the transactions and events that have occurred since the last audit date. – 1 Planning 3. Should focus on identifying areas that may represent specific risks relevant to the audit. – 1. Planning 4. Do not result in detection of misstatements. – 4 Statement is not correct concerning anatical procedures 5.Designed to obtain evidential matter about particular assertions related to account balances or classed of transactions. – 2 Substantive testing 6. Generally use data aggregated at a lower level than the other stages. – 2 Substantive testing 7. Should include reading the financial statements and notes to consider the adequacy of evidence gathered – 3. Overall review 8. Involve reconciliation of confirmation replies wi th recorded book amounts – 4 Statement is not correct concerning analytical procedures 9. Use of preliminary or unadjusted working trial balance as a source of data – 1 Planning the audit 10.Expected to result in reduced level of detection risk – 2 Substantive testing Q-30 a) The minutes of each meeting refer to the minutes of previous meeting. In addition the auditor should obtain the next year’s minutes, probably for February 2010, to make sure the previous minutes referred to were those from September 16, 2009. b) Information relevant to 2009 Audit Audit Action Required February 15 1. Approval for increased distribution During analytical procedures, an Costs of $500 000. ncrease of $500000 should be expected for distribution costs 2. Unresolved tax dispute. Evaluate resolution of dispute and adequacy of disclosure in FS 3. Computer equipment donated. Determine that old equipment was correctly treated in 2008 in the statements and that appropriate dedu ction was taken 4. Annual cash dividend. Calculate total dividends to determine that dividend was correctly recorded. 5. Officers’ bonuses. Determine were paid in 2009. Consider the tax implications of unpaid bonuses to officers.September 16 1. 2009 Officers’ elected. Inform staff of possibility of related party transaction. 2. Officers’ salary information. Note information in audit files for 2010 audit. 3. Pension and profit sharing plan. Determine if the pension/profit sharing plan was approved. If so make sure all assets and liabilities have been correctly recorded. 4. Loan. Examine supporting documentation of loan and confirm loan information with bank. 5. Aquistation of new computers syst Determine of disposal of the 1 year old equipment and check the recording of the operations. 6. Auditor Selection

The Starbucks Diaries Discovering And Interpreting The...

Shayeree Chakraborty Ms. Wafa Hamid American Literature 8 October 2014  ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬___________________________________________________________________________ The Starbucks Diaries: Discovering and Interpreting The Cold War between Walt Whitman and Sherman Alexie One of the most interesting dynamics of any cold war is perhaps its very existence, as difficult to point out as its predicament. The very idea of war associates itself with a certain traditional idea of glory but in the case of cold warfare, this glory is subtle: show of confidence and force is a matter of pride in war, but when served cold, the ‘show’ must be missing in action. As Martin McCauley says in Russia, America and The Cold War, cold warfare is nothing but a state of conflict between nations without direct military or political action but pursued primarily through the use of proxy wars waged by surrogates. Going by this definition, it would be interesting to look at the poetry of Walt Whitman and his â€Å"successor† Sherman Alexie, as embodying the very spirit of cold warfare. The reason why I very carefully and deliberately use the term â€Å"successor† is to denote the common themes of nativity, belonging and culture that the two great poet s talk about. Although Alexie is openly appreciative of his predecessor, both are, strangely enough, two different nations within a nation; both are inherently political and both somehow embody a â€Å"struggle-for-the-microphone†: a term I shall

Human Blueprint Thoughts on Genetic Modification Essay...

Humans have strived for improvement in every facet of their lives, all the way from technology down to their diet. In this current day and age, humans are now capable of gene manipulation in their children, meaning mankind is taking a great step in familial modification. Yet even with our advancements in the medical field, we still fall to the ills of cancer, Alzheimer’s, or anything else on the laundry list of genetic disorders. With such opportunity to better improve our children, what mother or father would not wish to â€Å"give their child the best chance of living a happy and successful life?† (Fox, D. American Journal of Law and Medicine, 567) The first thing we can do with genetic modification is remove the genes that, when†¦show more content†¦By choosing genetic combinations expressing a mixture of overall better health, children of the future will grow up to be happy and healthy. Such blueprints can then be passed on to their children, who will conti nue the process. Parents can rest assured their child will come into the world without any surprises such as red hair in a brown haired family, or an extra pair of toes. For those who believe such a program is unattainable due to financial reasons should consider the program to be run by a government organization through the state or federal government. Such polarization of our biological makeup has no physical prrof that it could create a sect between the enhanced and non-enhanced (Fox, D. American Journal of Law and Medicine, 572). In fact, such a breakthrough in modern science would also be advocated alongside planned pregnancy, allowing doctors to recommend and support families seeking to improve their future children. These parents to be are left with â€Å"the genetic constitution of the offspring for themselves,† (Fox, D. American Journal of Law and Medicine, 569). 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The Way in Which Direct Marketing Will Be Beneficial for Non-Profit Term Paper

Essays on The Way in Which Direct Marketing Will Be Beneficial for Non-Profit Organizations Term Paper The paper â€Å"The Way in Which Direct Marketing Will Be Beneficial for Non-Profit Organizations† is a  persuading example of a term paper on marketing. Today non-profit organizations are increasing but the increase in the number of organizations doesn’t match the increase in funds received. This is due to the fact that the younger generation is not willing to donate. This has raised concerns and non-profit organizations are finding it tough to continue with the programs they have launched.To combat it nonprofit organizations are coming up with new ways. They are using direct marketing to attract donors. Since they are cost-conscious as the amount they spend is from the money they receive from donation so using it in an effective way is important.Non-profit organizations are looking for newer ways to attract donors. â€Å"They are looking to find new ways to improve loyalty programs†. Retaining and getting a new customer for a non-profit organization has becom e a priority.Having decided the target segment and using emails followed by calls to people who show interest will help to get new donors. To retain their old donors and make them donate non-profit organization needs to develop loyalty programs and also show them the importance they hold. They should also send them regular updates on the way the donation was used.Thus, non-profits organization needs to concentrate and put all their efforts towards getting more donations. This will help the poor. It will help them to get food and make a good society.Today in this modern world people are looking for new ways to sell. Direct marketing is one. It is gaining prominence. It is a process where the product is marketed directly to the customer. Different mediums are used for it. Some of the ways are the telephone, emails, catalog, brochure and a few more. This is slowly shaping modern society. This is helping us there is direct communication with the clients.Here in the case, we see that non -profit organization is making use of this way. This is because competition has become tougher. The younger generation prefers to spend then to donate. This is affecting organizations. They are not able to generate the required sum to feed people. Even the increase in the number of the organization is affecting it. Even coming up with different campaigns is not drawing many takers. The 40-hour famine campaign is also losing relevance. The earlier generation used to donate the sum for the poor and skip their meals but the younger generation is reluctant to do so. This used to attract millions from all around the globe but slowly with the passage of time the numbers have dwindled.This has raised concerns. Today non-profit organizations are looking for newer methods to attract the younger generation. They are relying on direct marketing. This is because it is cost-efficient and since they utilize the fund donated so they want it to be cheap. They are using a medium like emails, telepho ne calls, and press advertising. Still, non-profit organizations doubt the efficiency of this system. They don’t know how many people will react positively. This is because people hardly have time to read as they have hundreds of junk mails coming every day. To combat it they are providing details of the way funds are spent and also thanking the donors.

Corporate Financial Management for Investment- MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Financial Management for Investment Choice. Answer: Introduction Superannuation is described as long-term saving and investment plan that is developed for saving funds for the retirement of an employee. The superannuation plan can be referred to as most effective plan for investing the pension funds for employees as money investors is likely to grow without any tax implications (Smith and Koken, 2011). This report has been developed for analyzing the major factors that should be considered by tertiary sector employees for placing their superannuation funds under defined benefit or investment choice plan. The report also discusses the issues relating to concept of time value of money at the time of making this decision. At last, the report analyses and examines the statement If the efficient-market hypothesis is true, the pension fund manager might as well select a portfolio with a pin. Factors Impacting the Selection of Superannuation Contributions under Defined Benefit or Investment Choice Plan The tertiary sector employees consists of employees engaged in service sector and is the third piece of three-part economy while the other two are agriculture and manufacturing. The superannuation schemes are highly beneficial for the employees of tertiary sector in order so that they can live their future life without any dependence. The tertiary sector employees are provided with large flexibility for deciding the type of superannuation products and investment as their retirement plan option and secure their retirement life (CCH Australia Staff, 2012). There are mainly two types of plan available for the tertiary sector employees under the superannuation schemes that are defined benefit and investment choice plan. The employees have to develop an adequate understanding of each type of superannuation plan before placing their pension funds. The defined benefit plan is pension plan offered to the employees by the employer is fixed and is pre-determined as it is calculated through the use of formula that is linked to salary, age, and time-period of service. The employees under this plan have not to bear any market risk as all the investment risks are bearded by the employer (Reilly and Estreicher, 2010). The employer is solely responsible for making decisions relating to investments under this type of plan. Thus, the major benefit provided to the employees under this type of plan is that company is in the charge of making investment decisions and no effort is required on the part of the employees. The employees receive their retirement income without any difficulties as overall budgeting decisions are taken by the employer with no involvement of the employees. The tertiary sector employees who do not have adequate time for managing their investment related decisions enjoy a significant benefit under this type of plan. Also, older employees may receive more benefit under this type of plan as the income is determined on the basis of age factor and tenure of service (Gitman et al., 2015). Also, the employer possesses the overall responsibility for funding any type of deficits if occurred under the plan. The market fluctuations do not impact the retirement payout of employees and the inc ome received by them is relatively known by them in advance. However, the plan is associated with several drawbacks that should also be considered by the employees before selecting defined benefit plan to invest their superannuation contributions. The major limitation is that employees do not have the authority to participate in taking investment decisions and thus they are not likely to receive any extra benefit with investing their funds in different type of assets. Also, as overall monitoring of funds is undertaken by the employer it involved huge administration costs. The employees with older age receive large income after retirement under this plan as compared to the younger employees. Also, it becomes mandatory for the employees to make contributions annually irrespective of the income received for that year (Kolb, 2009). On the other hand, investment choice plan is completely different from defined benefit plan as the retirement income under this type of plan cannot be determined in advance because it is not fixed. This type of plan provides complete authority to employees for selecting their investment options in different class of assets for placing their superannuation contributions. The employees are offered different types of investment strategies in investment choice plan such as investing in bonds, stocks, domestic and overseas shares, property and infrastructure (Petty et al, 2015). The major type of investment options provided under the investment choice plan is as follows: Balanced Investment Option: Under this type of option, employees can invest their superannuation fund in shares and the remaining in property, fixed interest and cash. Growth Investment Option: This type of investment plan involves investing 80% to 100% of funds in growth assets such as shares and property. Conservative Investment Option: This involves investing a significant part of the superannuation contribution in cash and fixed interest investments (Smith and Koken, 2011). The employees can select as per their desire the type of investment strategy they would like to select based on the risk and return characteristics of each. The main benefit for tertiary sector employees with this type of plan is that they can receive higher funds as their retirement payout as compared to defined benefit plan. This is because income is not fixed and is dependent mainly on the returns generated by the selected investment strategy. Also, the retirement payout is not impacted by the age of employees as the payout is not based on any formula but the investment option selected (Petty et al., 2015). The main drawback of this type of plan is that employees have to gain the help of professionals for managing their portfolio that can make it time-consuming for them. Also, the plan is associated with risk that can vary the returns generated and as such they can also receive lower returns sometimes depending on the performance of the portfolio selected by them. The employees sh ould also possess adequate knowledge about the different type of investment options and thus they have to invest a significant part of their time for managing their portfolio. Thus, these features of investment choice plan makes it relatively difficult for tertiary sector employees to place their superannuation contributions as they have to themselves manage and monitor their portfolio (Maginn et al., 2007). Thus, these all factors should be considered by the employees at the time of selecting their contributions of superannuation in the defined benefit or investment choice plan. The superannuation funds provide varying range of options for the employees that they can select for investment purpose. The type of plan selected by the tertiary sector employees depend on their financial situation and investment requirements. Importance of Time Value of Money in Decision-Making Process of Placing Superannuation Contributions The time value of money is an important concept for knowing the future worth of an investment by investors. As per this concept, the money today is more worthy as compared to same amount of money in future period of time. This is mainly due to the fact that money losses over its value in coming period of time and therefore it is more desirable to posses it now rather than later due to presence of certain factors such as inflation and others. The concept holds high significance at the time of making financial decisions relating to investment. The time value of money concept states that value of money changes over time and as such the concept is used largely to find the future value of an investment. The investors can find the future value of an investment through applying the discounting and compounding method of time value of money. The present and future value of cash flows can be easily determined through the concept of time value of money. As such, the employees can easily determi ne the amount of money they are likely to receive under the defined benefit plan through analyzing the future worth of their investment under the time value of money principle (Maginn et al., 2007). This can be done through compounding the present amount to future value through the use of compounding factor of time value of money. The employees can also determine the future value of their cash flows under the scheme of investment choice plan. The price of different type of assets selected under investment choice option can be sued to determine the future value of cash-flows through the use of compounding factor of time value of money. Thus, the employees can easily select the type of superannuation plan for their pension program by analyzing the retirement payout they are likely to receive in the future with the use of time value of money principle. Thus, it can be said that the concept of time value of money is highly important for employees to undertake cost-benefit analysis of both the investment plan at the time of taking decisions about placing their superannuation contributions. The concept is a fundament concept used at the time of making investment and other financial de cisions as it easily determines the present and value of money (Fiestas et al., 2010). If the Efficient-Market Hypothesis is True, the Pension Fund Manager Might as well Select a Portfolio with a Pin The pension fund manager holds the responsibility of ensuring that pension schemes operate effectively and the investors realize higher returns. The fund manager makes all the decision relating to the investment and thus aids the employees in effective management and maintenance of their pension funds. The pension fund manager has to develop a portfolio for the employees that provide them maximum pension benefits. For this, the fund manager is required to invest in different type of assets in order to minimize the market risk and thus provide maximum returns to the investors. However, as per the efficient-market hypothesis the market operates in perfect efficient conditions and it is rather impossible to beat the market. The theory states that price of assets provide all the relevant information that is equally available for all the investors. Thus, if the theory holds true, the pension fund manager can easily select a portfolio without analyzing the risk and return characteristics o f different type of assets selected for portfolio development. The theory also popularly known as random walk theory as per which the investors cannot release higher profits more than the market. This is generally not the case as investors have earned higher returns than the market and also the reruns achieved by different investors varies and is not uniform (Bergen, 2011). The theory of efficient market hypothesis suggests that it is very difficult to earn profits by predicting the price movements of assets. The market is truly efficient means that price of assets adjust quickly with the arrival of new information. The price of stocks rapidly adjusts before investors can trade and earn profit from the arrival of new information. However, this does not hold true as investors earn profits by diversifying the market risk through investing in different type of assets such as stocks, bonds etc. This is necessary so that of one type of asset provide lower returns it is managed by good returns obtained from other class of assets and performance of overall portfolio is not affected. The pension fund manager has to diversify the market risk by selecting the most appropriate assets that will provide higher returns to the investors and does not rely on the information available from the asset prices. Thus, it can be stated that efficient market hypothesis does no t hold true for investment decisions (Wendt, 2015). Conclusion The above discussion has inferred that superannuation plans are highly important for tertiary sector employees in order to secure funds for their future life after retirement. The employees should consider the characteristics of all type of superannuation schemes before selecting an individual plan for placing their pension contributions. The concept of time value of money proves to be highly important for employees at the time of taking decisions relating to place their superannuation contributions. The efficient-market hypothesis does not hold true for taking investment decisions relating to the pension fund manager for portfolio development. References Bergen, J.V. 2011. Efficient Market Hypothesis: Is The Stock Market Efficient? Retrieved May 13, 2014, from Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/investopedia/2011/01/12/efficient-market-hypothesis-is-the-stock-market-efficient/#4a55338176a6 CCH Australia Staff. 2012. Australian Master Tax Guide. 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